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Ultimate limit state

The verification equations differ according to the stress style.

Tension

Tension is verified in accordance with chapter 6.1.2. of EN 1995-1-1 using formula

Where is:

N

  • Normal force

A

  • Cross-sectional area

ft,0,d

  • Design tensile strength

Compression

Members in compression can be designed without or with consideration of buckling. Verification without buckling consideration is performed in accordance with chapter 6.1.4. using formula

Where is:

fc,0,d

  • Design compressive strength

Verification with buckling consideration is performed in accordance with chapter 6.3.2. using formula

Where is:

kc

  • Instability factor, minimum value of kc,y and kc,z is used. These factors are calculated according to the rules described in chapter "Buckling".

Biaxial bending

Biaxial bending is verified in accordance with chapter 6.1.6. of EN 1995-1-1 using formulas

kde je:

My, Mz

  • Bending moments about y- and z-axis

Wy, Wz

  • Section modulus about y- and z-axis

fm,y,d, fm,z,d

  • Design bending strength about y- and z-axis

km

  • Factor considering redistribution of bending stresses in cross-section

The verification is performed at the edge of the cross-section, in the point of the most significant stress.

Verification with consideration of lateral torsional buckling uses these formulas

Where is:

kcrit,y, kcrit,z

  • Factor used for lateral buckling about y- and z-axis.  These factors are calculated according to the rules described in chapter "Lateral torsional buckling".

The bending is verified only in strong axis direction for built-up cross-sections.

Shear

Shear is verified in accordance with 6.1.7 using formulas

Where is:

Vy, Vz

  • Shear forces in y- and z- directions

Sy, Sz

  • First moment of area about y- and z- axis for cross-section part above (under) point of verification

Iy, Iz

  • Second moment of area about y- and z- axis

ty, tz

  • Width of cross-section in verified position

fv,d

  • Design shear strength

The verification is performed in the point of the most significant stress. Built-up cross-sections are verified in the centre of gravity.

The shear is verified only in strong axis direction for built-up cross-sections.

Combined bending and axial tension

Combined bending and axial tension is verified in accordance with chapter 6.2.3. using formulas

Combined bending and axial compression

Combined bending and axial compression is verified in accordance with chapter 6.2.4. using formulas

The verification is performed at the edge of the cross-section, in the point of the most significant stress.

Verification with buckling consideration is performed in accordance with chapter 6.3.2.

Where is:

kc,y, kc,z

  • The Instability factors for buckling perpendicular to y- and z-axis. These factors are calculated according to the rules described in chapter "Buckling".

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